In 1999, Dell stated that it only offered non-Microsoft operating systems on servers and as part of customized large orders, but if Linux became popular enough to make Linux pre-installation cost-effective, "we'd be foolish not to offer it". In 1999, analyst Rob Enderle attributed the lack of computers without Windows available for individual purchase to economic impracticality, citing certification and warranty requirements. In 1999, Maximum PC wrote that non-Windows users "have long griped that machines from large companies can't be purchased without Windows". Virtually all large computer vendors bundle Microsoft Windows with the majority of the personal computers in their ranges. Analyst Vishal Tripathi said that many people purchase PCs with pre-installed operating systems because they do not want to deal with the "learning curve" and inconvenience of installing an operating system. Microsoft encourages original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) to supply computers with Windows pre-installed, saying that purchasers benefit by not having to install an operating system. Although some customers have successfully obtained payments (in some cases after litigation or lengthy negotiations), others have been less successful. Users opposed to the bundling of Microsoft Windows, including Linux users, have sought refunds for Windows licenses, arguing that the Windows end-user license agreement entitles them to return unused Windows licenses for a cash refund.
Microsoft encourages original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) of personal computers to include Windows licenses with their products, and agreements between Microsoft and OEMs have undergone antitrust scrutiny. The bundling of Microsoft Windows is the installation of Microsoft Windows in computers before their purchase. Installation of Microsoft Windows in computers before their purchase
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